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Soil of the Year 2021: Loess Soil
Loess is a frequently calcareous, homogeneous, light-yellow sediment consisting mainly of silt particles. It covers about 10 percent of the land surface of our planet and reaches average thicknesses of about 10 m in the Central European loess areas.
Loess is formed exclusively during cold periods. It was mainly formed during the last ice age between 115,000 and 13,000 years ago, when rocks and stones were ground into rock flour by glaciers and frost. Wind blew this initial material of the loess soil away for kilometres until it was mostly deposited on downwind hill sides as well as valleys and basin landscapes.
For arable farming, loess forms the initial substrate for the most favourable soils worldwide. Rich pores, good aeration and good properties as a water and nutrient reservoir facilitate weathering and soil formation, resulting in deep, easily worked and enormously productive soils. These include parabrown soils and black soils, which are particularly important for agriculture.
Loess soil functions like a filter. On the one hand, water and nutrients are stored in a way that is available to plants, and on the other hand, harmful substances are retained and the groundwater is protected. Due to the excellent conditions for microorganisms, the undesirable substances can be converted.
Loess soil is considered sensitive and can be blown or washed away without protection against erosion. The valuable loess soil is also lost through the expansion of cities and the extraction of mineral resources. Because new formation is impossible without a new ice age, it is particularly worthy of preservation and protection.
More information: https://boden-des-jahres.de/
Sources
- https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/loessboden-ist-boden-des-jahres-2021
- https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Boden/Bodenbewusstsein/Boden_des_Jahres/BdJ2021_Loessboden_mehr.html?nn=7979808
- https://boden-des-jahres.de/
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